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- SCIENCE, Page 55Mistaken by Millenniums
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- Geologists show that carbon dating can be way off
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- Ever since its development in the 1940s, radiocarbon dating
- has been a vital tool for historians and paleontologists trying
- to pinpoint the ages of everything from ancient animal bones
- to prehistoric human settlements to Egyptian mummies. By
- measuring the decay of the natural radioactive isotope carbon
- 14, which almost all organisms ingest while they are alive,
- scientists can estimate how long it has been since an animal
- or plant died.
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- But those estimates, while valuable, are also known to be
- somewhat uncertain. Last week geologists at the Lamont-Doherty
- Geological Laboratory in Palisades, N.Y., offered firm evidence
- of just how uncertain. Writing in Nature, they showed that some
- radiocarbon dates may be off by as much as 3,500 years --
- possibly enough to force a change in current thinking on such
- important questions as exactly when humans first reached the
- Americas.
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- The technique the geologists used was based on another sort
- of radioactive decay. Organisms contain traces of uranium,
- which degrades into thorium. The rate of decay is known, and
- by measuring the relative amounts of the two substances in a
- sample, age can be accurately calculated.
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- In this case, samples came from a coral reef off Barbados.
- Carbon 14 and uranium-thorium dating largely agreed for pieces
- of coral up to about 9,000 years old. But for older pieces the
- findings diverged, with a maximum disparity of 3,500 years for
- coral about 20,000 years old.
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- Why did the scientists assume that the uranium-thorium tests
- were right and the carbon 14 tests wrong? For one thing, the
- carbon datings pointed to the strange conclusion that ice ages,
- thought to be related to changes in the earth's orbit around
- the sun, have mysteriously lagged behind those changes by a few
- thousand years. But uranium-thorium dating shows no such lag.
- Moreover, carbon 14 levels in the air -- and thus the amount
- ingested by organisms -- are known to vary over time, and that
- can affect the results of carbon dating.
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- Uranium-thorium has another advantage besides accuracy: it
- can be used to date objects up to 500,000 years old, while
- carbon 14 is good for only a few tens of thousands of years at
- best. The one drawback of the uranium-thorium technique is that
- it is useful mostly for marine animals and plants; uranium is
- more common in seawater than on the surface of the land.
- Scientists will no doubt continue to use all possible dating
- methods in the quest to construct an ever more accurate
- chronology of the earth's history.
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